VALIDATION OF GEORGIAN VERSIONS OF BRIEF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRES

Main Article Content

Nino Javakhishvili
Seth J. Schwartz
Nino Skhirtladze

Abstract

Background. This article presents the data validating Georgian versions of brief depression (CESD  Boston Form) and anxiety (GAD7) measures. These two scales have been widely used in English with  satisfactory validity and reliability and translated and used in many other languages, however, validation  reports of GAD7 are relatively rare and the present study is the first to validate the CESD Boston 10-item  Form in a language other than English.


Methods. Data were collected from a sample of 889 Georgian young adults, who, among others, filled  out CESD Boston Form, GAD7, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis of data indicated that one-factor solution provides a good fit for  both scales. A multi-group CFA supported at least partial configural, metric and scalar invariance across  gender. Both scales provide scores with high internal consistency. Discriminant validity for the CESD  Boston Form and the GAD7 was provided using their correlations with life satisfaction and self-esteem  measures that had been previously validated with Georgian samples.


Conclusions. The present study has provided Georgian versions of two brief measures of internalizing  symptoms. These scales will help to satisfy the clinical assessment needs among Georgian mental health  professionals and will serve as a model for other societies with similar needs.

Keywords:
The Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD Boston Form), The Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD Boston Form)Georgian validation, discriminant validity, invariance
Published: Jul 19, 2022

Article Details

How to Cite
Javakhishvili, N. ., Schwartz, S. J. ., & Skhirtladze, N. . (2022). VALIDATION OF GEORGIAN VERSIONS OF BRIEF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRES . Georgian Psychological Journal, 3. https://doi.org/10.52340/gpj.2022.07.01
Section
Articles

References

Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2002). Ten-Year comparisons of problems and

competencies for national samples of youth: self, parent, and teacher reports. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10(4), 194 – 203. doi:10.1177/10634266020100040101

Baek, J. H., Eisner, L. R., Neirenberg, A. A. (2013) Smoking and suicidality in subjects with major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 1158–1166. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.082

Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41, 189–225.

Cuijpers, P., Boluijt, P., van Straten, A. (2008). Screening of depression in adolescents through the Internet. Sensitivity and specificity of two screening questionnaires. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(1), 32–38. doi: 10.1007/s00787-007-0631-2

Diener, E, Emmons, R, A., Larsen R. J, & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with life scale. Journal

of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 43(2), 121-149. doi:10.1177/0748175610373459

Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuupers, P. (2011). Quick and easy self-rating of generalized anxiety disorder: validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 58-64.doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.016

Geostat (2018). National accounts of Georgia 2016 statistical publication. Retrieved from http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/National_Accounts_pub_2016.pdf

Geostat (2021). Employment and unemployment. Retrieved from https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/683/Employment-Unemployment

Gomez, R., & McLaren, S. (2014). The Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: support for a bifactor model with a dominant general factor and a specific factor for positive affect. Assessment, 22(3), 351 – 360. doi:10.1177/1073191114545357

Gonçalves, B., & Fagulha, T. (2004). The Portuguese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Stud-

ies Depression Scale (CES-D). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 339-348.

doi:10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.339

Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 773-796.doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773

Hankin, B. L, Abramson, L. I., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. A. (1998). Devel-

opment of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128-140.

Hancock, G. R., Lawrence, F. R., & Nevitt, J. (2000). Type I error and power of latent mean methods and manova in factorially invariant and noninvariant latent variable systems. Structural Equation Modeling, 7, 534-556.

Herrero, J., & Meneses, J. (2006). Short Web-based versions of the perceived stress (PSS) and Cen-

ter for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD) Scales: A comparison to pencil and paper

responses among Internet users. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(5), 830-846. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.007

Hu, L., & Bentler, P., M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55.doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118

Huebner, E. S., Funk, B. A. III, & Gilman, R. (2000). Cross-sectional and longitudinal psychosocial

correlates of adolescent life satisfaction reports. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 16(1), 53-64. doi:10.1177/082957350001600104

Hunt, C., Issakidis, C., Andrews, G. (2002). DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian

national survey of mental health and well-being. Psychological Medicine, 32(4), 649-59.

Ingul, J. M., & Nordahl, H. M. (2013). Anxiety as a risk factor for school absenteeism: What differentiates anxious school attenders from non-attenders? Annals of general psychiatry, 12(25), 12-25.doi: 10.1186/1744-859X-12-25

Irwin, M., & Artin, K. H., & Oxman, M. (1999). Screening for depression in the older adult: criterion validity of the 10 item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(15), 1701-1704. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.15.1701

Javakhishvili, N., Skhirtladze, N., Butsashvili, N., Lortkipanidze M., Makashvili, A., Vardanashvili,

I., & Shekrildze, I. (2016). kvlevis instrumentebis validacia [Validation of research instruments. In N Javakhishvili & N. Butsashvili (Eds.) Proceedings of Psychological Conference Dedicated to D. Uznadze’s Jubilee [dimitri uznadzis dabadebidan 130 wlistavisadmi midzgvnili konferenciis shromebi] (pp. 63-84). Ilia State University Press.

Julian, L., J. (2011). Measures of anxiety. Arthritis Care & Research, 63(11), 467-472. doi:10.1002/

acr.20561

Kazarian, S. S., & Taher, D. (2010). Validation of the Arabic Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in a Lebanese community sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 68-73. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000010

Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. London, Great Britain: Routledge.

Khechuashvili, L. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the Georgian Expanded Version of

the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(8), 659-671.

doi: 10.1080/15325024.2018.1498202

Khechuashvili, L. (2016). Investigation of psychometric properties of the Georgian version of posttraumatic growth inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(6), 522-532. doi:10.1080/15325024.2016.1157409 Karim, J., Weisz, R., Bibi, Z., & ur Rehman, S. (2015). Validation of the eight-item center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) among older adults. Current Psychology, 34(4), 681-692. doi: 10.1007%2Fs12144-014-9281-y

Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 163-74. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x

Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008).

Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266-274. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40221654

Mackenzie, S., Wiegel, J. R., Mundt, M., Brown, D., Saewyc, E., Heiligenstein, E., Harahan, B. &

Fleming, M. (2011). Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health

care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 101–107. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x

Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J. D., Sturua, L., Pilauri, K., Fuhr, D. C., & Roberts, B. (2020). The

influence of concern about COVID-19 on mental health in the Republic of Georgia: a cross-sectional study. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00641-9

Martskvishvili, K., Arutinov, L., & Mestvirishvili M. (2013). A psychometric investigation of the Georgian version of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29(2), 84-88. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000135

Mclean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differ- ence in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 496-505. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003

McLean, C. P.,Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T, &Hofmann, S. G.(2011).Gender differences in anxiety dis- orders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Psychiatric Research,

(8): 1027–1035. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006

Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Defense of Georgia. IDP Statistics. Retrieved form https://www.

moh.gov.ge/ka/703/Morf, C. C., Schürch, E., Küfner, A., Siegrist, P., Vater, A., Back, M., … Schro der-Abe, M.

(2016). Expanding the nomological net of the pathological narcissism inventory: German validation and extension in a clinical inpatient sample. Assessment, 24(4), 419 – 443.doi:10.1177/1073191115627010

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). MPLUS user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén &

Muthén.

Nieuwenhuijsen, K., de Boer, A. G. E. M., Verbeek, J., Blonk, R., & van Dijk, F. J. H. (2003). The

depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): detecting anxiety disorder and depression in employees absent from work because of mental health problems. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 177–182. doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i77

Plaisier, I., de Graaf, R., de Bruijn, J., Smit, J., van Dyck, R., Beekman, A., & Penninx, B. (2012).

Depressive and anxiety disorders on-the-job: The importance of job characteristics for good work functioning in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Research, 200(2–3),382-388. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.016

Powers, J. R., Young, A. F., Russel, A., & Pachana, N. A. (2003). Implications of non-response of

older women to a short form of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. Aging and Human Development, 57(1) 37-54. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/down-

load?doi=10.1.1.995.9897&rep=rep1&type=pdf Georgian Psychological Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2021. ISSN 2667–9027

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale. A Self-Report depression scale for research in the general pop- ulation. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/Self_

Measures_for_Self-Esteem_ROSENBERG_SELF-ESTEEM.pdf

Schuch, J. J., Roest, A. M., Nolen, W. A., Penninx, B. W., & de Jonge, P. (2014). Gender differences in

major depressive disorder: Results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 156-163. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.011

Schwartz, S. J., Salas-Wright, C. P., Pérez-Gómez, A., Mejía-Trujillo, J., Brown, E. C., Montero-

Zamora, P., … Dickson-Gomez, J. (2018). Cultural stress and psychological symptoms in recent Venezuelan immigrants to the United States and Colombia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 67, 25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.09.001

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A. & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equa-

tion modeling and confirmatory factoranalysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. doi: 10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338

Smarr, K. L. & Keefer, A. L. (2011). Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: beck depres-

sion inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Arthritis Care & Research, 63(11), 454–466. doi: 10.1002/acr.20556

Somers, J. M., Goldner, E. M., Waraich, P., & Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and incidence studies of

anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 51(2), 100 – 113. doi:10.1177/070674370605100206

Smith, J. P., & Book, S. W. (2008). Anxiety and substance use disorders: A review. The Psychiatric times, 25(10), 19–23. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2904966/

Sordia, N., & Martskvishvili, K. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Georgian version of the Grit

Scale. Prizren Social Science Journal 4(1), 8-13. doi: 10.32936/pssj.v4i1.128

Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-anal-

ysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240. doi:10.1037/a0028931

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K, Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing gen-

eralized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of International Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

World Bank Group. (2016). Georgia: recent trends and drivers of poverty reduction. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/georgia/publication/georgia-poverty-assessment.